Critical Evaluation of African Socialism, with Regards to...

In 1960s when African states gain independence, many leaders felt that they can not celebrate their victory if they continue using the economic-political system that has been established by colonizers such as capitalism. They perceived capitalism as the bearer of social inequalities, and ignorance that exists within societies. They wanted a unique economic and political system with no resemblance of outside influence. African Socialism was then a unique political ideology and identity of Africa. Julius Nyerere was one of the leading proponents of African socialism â€Å"African traditional way of life† (Hyden, 1980: 200). African socialism as an ideology has its own successes and also its own criticism. Therefore, this essay will critically†¦show more content†¦Ujamaa is based on Arusha declaration of 1967 the first political effort to fight the accumulation of capital resources in hands of elites which ends in class divisions and struggles. Nyerere proposed three imp ortant assumptions beneath traditional Ujamaa living: the recognition and respect of one another, common ownership and the elimination of class divisions (Cameron 2007: 130-132). African socialism failed to deliver its promises and saved people from the aftermaths of colonialism. Many African leaders failed to put in practice policies that they preached during the African socialism adoption, they also lacked proper planning. Therefore, African socialism seemed as the mislaid philosophy idealism, worthless development with broken political promises which contained so many contradictions that then hindered its successfulness. Ujamaa policies shared the same basis and fallacy of development that has propelled and inhibited successive development initiative in Africa. This is objectification of African peasants and rural settlers as the hopeless sufferers of colonial era who were supposed to be lifted to higher levels of social and material well being. Thus, Ujamaa’s dedication to modernization paradigm ended in a condition where improving well being of peasants perceived as alienating them from their cultural and social realities to the reinvented colonia l practices (Cameron, 2007: 116). The main problem of African socialism was the

Mothers in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility Essay

Mothers in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility I can no more forget it, than a mother can forget her suckling child. Jane Austen wrote these words about her novel, Sense and Sensibility, in a letter to her sister Cassandra in 1811. Such a maternal feeling in Austen is interesting to note, particularly because any reader of hers is well aware of a lack of mothers in her novels. Frequently we encounter heroines and other major characters whom, if not motherless, have mothers who are deficient in maturity, showing affection, and/or common sense. Specifically, I would like to look at Sense and Sensibility, which, according to Ros Ballasters introduction to the novel, is full of, indeed over-crowded with, mothers (vii). By†¦show more content†¦Like Marianne, Mrs. Dashwood is romantic and whimsical, more prone to act on feelings than reason. Also similar to her youngest daughter, she often misjudges both the characters and situations of individuals. When Elinor tells Marianne of the difficulties Mrs. Ferrars presents in marryi ng Edward, Marianne was astonished to find how much the imagination of her mother and herself had outstripped the truth (18). Furthermore, Mrs. Dashwoods reaction to Willoughby is just as naà ¯ve as Mariannes. In Mrs. Dashwoods opinion, he was as faultless as in Mariannes (43). It is only Elinor, acting with the maternal caution her mother does not possess, who has reservations about Mariannes suitor. Thus, Mrs. Dashwood clearly fails as an authority figure for her children. She does not discourage them from acting recklessly (such as Mariannes trip to Miss Smiths home with Willoughby without a chaperone), nor does she provide the sort of structure or discipline that would prevent such situations from arising in the first place. She does, however, possess the nurturing and affectionate disposition that allows us to see her as, if not always a good mother, at least a loving and well-intentioned one. When Marianne becomes ill, it is only her mothers presence that can put her at ease: Mariannes ideas were still, at intervals, fixed incoherently on her mother (264). Mrs. Jennings, like Mrs. Dashwood, is a good-natured and kind woman,Show MoreRelatedSense And Sensibility By Jane Austen1123 Words   |  5 PagesSense and Sensibility was written by Jane Austen in 1811, the novel describes the life of three young sisters after the death of their father. The sisters; Elinor, Margaret, and Marianne Dashwood each are forced to leave their homes with their mother, Mrs. Dashwood, when their father passes and their home is inherited by Mr. Dashwood’s son, from his first marriage, John Dashwood. The young women and their mother vacate the home filled with the atrocious presence of Mr. Dashwood’s first wife, FannyRead MoreSense and Sensibility by Jane Austen1151 Words   |  5 Pagescan really love† (Austen 11). This quote in Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility highlights the main conflict in the novel. Also, it describes how Elinor Dashwood, the main character of the novel feels about love. In this novel social class is i mportant because most of the characters belong to upper-class families. Since there are conflicts with love and social class is of importance in the novel, two of the many themes from Sense and Sensibility include love and wealth. The conflicts the charactersRead MoreJane Austen s Sense And Sensibility983 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility takes a critical look at the limitations women possessed at the turn of the eighteenth century. Consequently, the success of a woman was entirely dependent on a man. In the novel, the main protagonists represent these two persuasions of thought. Elenor Dashwood, the eldest daughter in the Dashwood household, portrays sense. In contrast, her younger sister, Marianne Dashwood represents sensibility. The dichotomy of the title carries historical significance in aRead More The Social/Economic Upper-Class in England in Mrs. Dalloway, Sense and Sensibility, and The Picture of Dorian Gray1383 Words   |  6 PagesWoolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility, and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray are depicted through the characters’ lifestyles, wealth, and behaviors. Woolf, Austen, and Wilde give insig htful portrayals of the characters by emphasizing their social roles in the England society. Their portrayals of the characters suggest that they are critical of the upper-class’ factitious lifestyles. Members of England’s social/economic upper-class in Woolf’s, Austen’s, and Wilde’s literaryRead More Aspects of Romanticism Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesNature, imagery, and the freedom of thought and expression are key elements of Romanticism as characterized in Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility, William Wordsworth â€Å"We are Seven,† and Percy Shelley’s â€Å"Mutability.† These literary works of Jane Austen, Percy Shelley, and William Wordsworth focus on emphasizing their feelings and emotions by using their imagination and their love of nature as key tools for helping readers to comprehend their personal experiences. Each of their works reflects situationsRead MoreSocial Confinement in Austen’s Sense and Sensibility1059 Words   |  4 Pagesof Jane Austen’s novels ‘I should hardly like to live with their ladies and gentlemen, in their elegant but confined houses’ she was referring to the phy sical confinement of an interior versus an exterior setting. This confinement of the setting mirrors the social confinement of a woman versus a man in the societal structure at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. While Austen studies the societal position of women in most of her novels, her early work Sense and Sensibility, isRead MoreA Brief Biography of Jane Austen930 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austen was truly a woman of her time. Not only did her level of education soar over most women of her time, she truly cared about the people around her. Austen’s passion for her family was just as strong as her passion for reading and writing. Austen strived to learn more everyday. She was one of the â€Å"most widely read writers in English Literature.†(Biography of Jane Austen 1) Jane Austen was born December 16, 1775 in Steventon, Village in Hampshire. â€Å"Austen received a better education thenRead MoreJane Austens Novel Sense and Sensibility: An Analysis1492 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austens groundbreaking novel Sense and Sensibility is a relationship-driven account of female protagonists. Sense and Sensibility shares much in common with other novels by and about women. Themes like autonomy versus independence and the role of women in a patriarchal society are explored in Sense and Sensibility. Using two sisters to symbolize the different directions the female spirit can be pulled, Austen shows the variable ways women respond to political, social, and economic oppressionRead More Class, Money, Pride and Happiness in Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen1721 Words   |  7 Pagesa good woman if she had five thousand pounds† and she â€Å"could dawdle about in the nursery and count the apricots on the wall† (VF 414). Marianne Dashwood of Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility says that she â€Å"cannot be happy with a man whose taste did not in every point coincide with my own† (SS 15). Most importantly, Elizabeth Bennet of Austen’s Pride and Prejudice states that she would be happy with someone who â€Å"has no improper pride† and â€Å"is perfectly amiable† (PP 364). While all of these novelsRead MoreEssay on An Introduction to Sense and Sensibility1320 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility follows the lives of two sisters, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, as they face the perils of finding love. In the novel, Elinor seems to be the embodiment of sense with her rationality and thoughtfulness, while her sister, Marianne, seems to symbolize sensibility. Marianne is incredibly emotional and wildly romantic. Although the novel seems to closely attach the sisters to these personifications, it is shown at the beginning of the novel that Elinor and Marianne

Tesco Company Essay Sample free essay sample

Background and context of organisation. Tesco is a bringing company based in Eastern Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Tesco Company Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides offering bringing services it besides provides a clear solution to a dearly-won and time-wasting world of modern life because of its efficiency and effectivity – that of the inability of retail merchants to present bulk goods at a suited clip for working families. It saves clip. defeat. and environmental impact. ( Beaumont. P. B. and R. I. D. Harris. ( 1995 ) . The mark group that is our clients and employees are middle-income earners who comprise 80 % of the European population ( Bain. G. . ( 1976 ) . Tesco’s other line of concern involves placing jobs impacting at that place employees by making a sound employee’s relation by offering solution to there jobs where possible. for case meeting the trade brotherhood demand through a good established industrial relation. Service to their client. attention to their employees and paid growing is their major concern. Tesco Delivery Company looks frontward to take advantage on the quickly turning planetary market to the delivery-based service in Eastern Europe. This subdivision has been ignored for long by most concern participants and Tesco extremely believe is will capture the market portion. Tesco Company is owned in private by its laminitis Dr. Meshach wabwire who hold bulk of the portions. There are other four portion proprietors. Neither owns more than 16 % . though they actively take part in decision-making. ( Bain. G. . ( 1976 ) . Trade Unions will be given to be associated with: Findingss This study gives the analysis of the function of trade brotherhoods towards the employee dealingss in the Tesco Delivery Company. which is compared with other houses in Eastern Europe which is done at the degree of the person. ( Bain. G. . ( 1976 ) . The cardinal findings are as follows: Future External Influences Internal state of affairs Indeed. the determination of comparative stability of the disparity through clip seems extremely robust. In measuring the impact of brotherhoods at the macroeconomic degree. it should be kept in head that. even though the brotherhood pay differential appears to hold remained approximately changeless. it applies to a well smaller fraction of the work force ( P. Elias. ( 1985 ) . Recommendations The cardinal findings from the survey carried out in Tesco Company in comparing with the employee relation are as follows: Trade Unions in most other Eastern Europe tend to increase salary by less. ( Beaumont. P. B. and R. I. D. Harris. ( 1995 ) . From the survey there is little cogent evidence that the brotherhood pay premium or pay spread has changed much over the last five old ages have changed drastically in different parts of the universe. The magnitude of the grade of difference appears to be positively correlated with agreements in the unemployment pacing. ( Bain. G. . ( 1976 ) . There is some support that decreases in brotherhood denseness are greatest in states where the brotherhood net incomes disagreement is significant. Trade Unions in Tesco Company should be given to cut down entire hours of work. They should cut down criterion hours and unpaid overtime hours but increase the figure of paid overtime hours. Part-time work is less prevailing in brotherhood scenes than it is in non-union scenes. The size of the trade brotherhood and non-union hour’s disagreement appeared to be lower in t he Tesco Company than it is in most of the other houses examined. ( P. Elias. ( 1985 ) . Decision When unemployment is low the brotherhood pay Prime Minister appears to be low and frailty versa. Despite some grounds of cyclicality the dominant feeling from the figure is the comparative stability of the derived function over this long clip period. even though the labour market has. along other dimensions. experienced so much turbulency over same clip period ( Beaumont. P. B. and R. I. D. Harris. ( 1995 ) . An obvious inquiry to inquire is why has brotherhood rank and brotherhood employment been in diminution given the comparative stability of the brotherhood pay premium? As we shall see below. the degree of the disagreement is still really high by international criterions. The Tesco Company decides brotherhood rank through an adversarial electoral procedure at works degree which has evolved into a system where direction has a greater say in unionisation results than it does in other houses. ( Bain. G. . ( 1976 ) . The benefits to employers in taking brotherhoods from the workplace frequently outweigh the costs of making so. The costs to brotherhoods in forming enlisting thrusts are high. Scholars have argued that the loss of economic systems of graduated table in brotherhood organizing is an of import factor in explicating brotherhood diminution. It is much harder for employers in other Companies to acquire rid of brotherhoods than it is in the Tesco Company. Even in other parts of Europe there are merely a really few illustrations of brotherhood de-recognition. Employers are unable to conceal from a brotherhood ; they have no topographic point to travel. ( Beaumont. P. B. and R. I. D. Harris. ( 1995 ) . High premium industries. have shown that by increasing their brotherhood pay Prime Minister and losing employment portions and therefore rank of trade brotherhoods. Union pay Prime Minister in private services. have been argued. that have held stable or fallen. ( Bain. G. . ( 1976 ) . Mentions Bain. G. . ( 1976 ) . Union growing and the concern rhythm. Basil Blackwell. Oxford. Monetary value. T. ( 1983 ) . ‘Union growing in Industrial Relations in Britain. Oxford. Basil Blackwell. Bender. K. ( 1996 ) . ‘The altering determiners of unionism: an analysis utilizing worker-level data’ . Journal of Labor Research. forthcoming. Beaumont. P. B. and R. I. D. Harris. ( 1995 ) . ‘Union de-recognition and worsening brotherhood denseness in Britain. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 48 ( 3 ) . pp. 389-402. Blackaby. D. H. . P. D. Murphy and P. J. Sloane. ( 1991 ) . ‘Union rank. corporate bargaining coverage and the trade brotherhood mark-up for Britain. Economics Letters. 36 ( 2 ) . June. pp. 203-208. Blanchflower. D. G. . ( 1984 ) . ‘Union comparative pay effects ; a cross-section analysis utilizing constitution informations. ’ British Journal of Industrial Relations. November. pp. 311-332. Blanchflower. D. G. . ( 1991 ) . ‘Fear. unemployment and wage flexibleness. ’ Economic Journal. March. pp. 483-496. Blanchflower. D. G. . and S. Burgess. ( 1996 ) . ‘New engineering and occupations: comparative grounds from a two state survey. New York. National Academy Press Blanchflower. D. G and R. B. Freeman. ( 1994 ) . Institutional developments. Cambridge University Press. Blanchflower. D. G. and A. J. Oswald. ( 1989 ) . ‘International forms of work. ’ in British Social Attitudes: International Comparisons. Edited by R. Jowell and S. Witherspoon. Gower Press. Blanchflower. D. G and Oswald. A. J. . ( 1990 ) . ‘The finding of white collar pay’ . Oxford Economic Papers. 42. pp. 356-378. Blanchflower. D. G and Oswald. A. J. . ( 1994 ) . The pay curve. MIT Press. Cambridge. Massachusetts. Blanchflower. D. G. A. J. Oswald and M. D. Garrett. ( 1990 ) . ‘Insider power in pay determination’ . Economical. 57. pp. 143-170. Bloom. D. and R. B. freewoman. ( 1992 ) . ‘The autumn in private pension coverage in the United States’ . American Economic Review. May. 82. pp. 539-545.

Strategies free essay sample

This is a statement that can be validated and justified by any historian. The institution of slavery was established to provide a cheap, sure, steady and reliable source of labor. It was consequently established to enable the planters to gain maximum profit. Near the ending of the eighteenth century Britain had undergone a period of industrialization and it became more evident that slave labor posed to be more of a burden than beneficial.The era of inventions and machines allowed for greater allocation of investments in Europe resulting in the lack of interest for sugar and slavery in the Caribbean. This brought about the rise Of abolitionists who led a gradual process that began in 1 772 and ended with their success in 1838. One such strategy used by abolitionists was the formation of societies. One such Society was The Committee for the abolition of the Slave Trade, created in 1787. This society involved active members such as William Willpower, Thomas Clarion and Granville Sharp among others. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another society that was plopped was The Quakers, otherwise known as The Society of Friends. This society involved the first and most outspoken critics of slavery. Further societies included, the Clamp Sect and The New Tories, which were industrialists who believed that slavery was a wasteful crude, inefficient system of labor which did not fit with the modernization Of cheap mechanical production such as steam engines.The effectiveness of these societies become evident as it can be argued that they represented a unified and collected means of advocating for the abolition of slavery rather than a solitary and possibly, not so effective teeth of resistance to the system of slavery. To further comprehend the effectiveness of these societies, one may strike a comparison between the British employments of large, organized societies as opposed to the individual French advocates for the abolition of slavery.Though it can be argued that the famous French humanitarian, Victor Schoolteacher, contributed immensely to the abolition of slavery in the French colonies, it is argued by most, that his actions becomes less effective than the unified means of campaign employed by British societies. Another strategy came in the form of media. Abolitionists created a swapper, The Anti-Slavery Reporter in 1825. The newspaper was used to campaign vigorously for the abolition Of slavery.Information in the form Of articles was circulated to portray the inhumane treatment of the slaves on the sugar plantation and middle passage, placing pressure on the government. Additionally they made use of leaflets, pamphlets, poetry and illustrations to further depict the condition of slaves. This allowed for abolitionists to achieve both an awareness, and sympathy from the public on the matter of Slavery. After gaining public sympathy they were able to persuade the masses not to arches sugar coming from the islands. This was seen as a way to sabotage the sugar industry.In addition the effectiveness of such technique is seen in the fact that campaigning for the abolition of slavery through newspapers, pamphlets, etc. , succeeded in the public putting pressure on the government by overtly shouting their complaints and desire for the end of slavery. They lobbied together their voices demanding a change for new circumstances: the end the slavery. Atoms C. Holt, in The Problem of Freedom, elaborates: In 1788, about a hundred petition bearing over Sixty thousand names emended abolition of the slave trade; by 1 833 the abolitionists had flooded parliament with five thousand petitions endorsed by almost 1. Million people demanding the abolition of slavery. (peg. 27) Members of the abolitionist societies were noted for engaging in official protests, debates and campaigns in the parliaments, the House of Commons and public meetings. One notable debate advocating the end of the system of slavery was an economic one which argued that with the introduction and expansion of beet sugar in Europe sugar and slavery was no longer a stickiest. Beet sugar proved to be more profitable. In addition there was a lower cost of transportation.They, in addition, lobbied that paid labor proved to be more efficient than slave labor, as it involved a high mortality rate and thus proved to be unprofitable. Abolitionists participated in petitions collecting and spreading information of the planters cruel treatment of the slaves both on the plantations and the middle passage. They received their information by obtaining firsthand accounts from sailors and former slaves at British ports through interviews. One such abolitionist who did this was the researcher Thomas Clarion.Thomas Clarion devoted his entire life to the abolition of slavery. He was instrumental in evoking public sympathy, traveling around, promoting the cause and gathering evidences of the horrors of slavery. He was able to obtain equipments used on slave ships, such as iron handcuffs, leg-shackles, thumbscrews, branding irons and instruments used to force open the jaws of the slave. These equipments were displayed at public meetings and engraved in pamphlets. Prime Minister William Pit the Younger, and as previously stated, WilliamWillpower, were also two abolitionists of importance. Willpower had done his share of duties in advocating for the abolition of slavery but when he grew ill suddenly, Pit was responsible for proposing the resolution to the end of slavery on his behalf. Therefore although some critics, for example, Biographer William Hogue, considers Pit to not have been that effective in contributing to the abolition process, others see his importance in the fact that he was a large supporter to William Wildernesss advocating for the abolition slavery.Pit had suggested that Willpower become the reliantly leader of the abolition movement and both men worked in collaboration on campaigning for the abolition of slavery. As previously stated, the process was a gradual one. As such there was seen to be a series of different laws passed which eventually led to the end of slavery. The first step was seen in the abolition of the slave trade, in 1807. Following this was, Registry Bill, which was passed in 181 6 dictating that colonial legislatures register all slaves, as it was suspected that some colonies were importing slaves illegally. The next step was seen with the implementation of the Amelioration Proposal, 1823. An assessment of this proposal could be seen as a positive indicator Of the progress that abolition was near so that even West India interest became involved in the gradual process. The latter hoped to delay the process while the Abolitionists hoped that it would lead to an improvement in the inhumane, impoverished and ultimately difficult lives of the enslaved. In 1834, the apprenticeship system was employed to provide a smooth transition into emancipation for the slaves, which finally took place in the year 1838.