poe works essays

poe works expositions The short story Sonnys Blues, by James Baldwin, recounts to the account of two siblings who come to see one another. All the more explicitly, it appears, through its two principle characters, Sonny and his more seasoned sibling, the different sides of African-Americans involvement in a lot of bigotry. The storyteller, Sonnys sibling, has attempted to acclimatize to the white society, yet at the same time feel the agony and the cutoff points on his chance. Then again, Sonny has never attempted to acclimatize and needs to discover the exit plan for his agony through medications. Breaking down the plot of Sonnys Blues, we can comprehend what occurred, why it occurred, and why characters acted the manner in which they do. The composition of the Sonnys Blues begins when the storyteller presents characters, scene, and circumstance of the story. The storyteller gains from a paper that his more youthful sibling, Sonny, has been captured for hawking and utilizing heroin. (Baldwin 83) The storyteller is a secondary teacher, and his significant other is Isabel. Leaving the school, the storyteller runs over an old companion of Sonnys in the schoolyard. They talk about Sonnys capture and disclose to one another some their feelings of trepidation. The companion says that he cant a lot of help old Sonny no more. This irritates the storyteller since it advises him that he himself had quit any pretense of attempting to support his sibling and not seen Sonny in a year. In any case, he stays in contact with Sonny again after his little girl kicks the bucket. It is additionally the second the storyteller starts to ponder about Sonny once more. The scene closes the work, and opens the storys rising activity part. The story proceeds as the storyteller meets Sonny after Sonny escape jail. As Sonnys demand, they take a long taxi ride and review their recollections that they had encountered in clear, murdering roads in their youth. Next, we hear the discussion between the n ... <!

Concession at Glastonbury Festival

Presentation Glastonbury celebration Of Contemporary Performing Art is one of the most known concerts on the planet. The celebration it self partakes in commendable homestead which is a dairy ranch during the year; is in the area of Somerset which is arranged in southwest England. The celebration from 1981 has been sorted out by the nearby rancher and site proprietor Michael Eavis (Martin, 2009). Micheal Eavis is additionally the proprietor of Glastonbury Festival LTD the organization that is responsible for the association and the appropriation of the differs concessions around the occasion site. Philip m. , 2013) Since 2002 celebration republic which is an organization that comprise in the converging of (live Nation and MCD) deals with the dealing with the strategic, security, and 40% of the concessionary stakes in the celebration. (stroke, 2013). Food and refreshment slows down Concession for the slow down and Glastonbury have an altogether different kind of cost contingent upon t he size and what the slow down his selling. There are two sorts of slow down An average sells food and drink and is set at ? 1000 every day outside the occasions refer to. What's more, 2500? f is inside the occasion refer to. Additionally the proprietor of the slow down must conform to the guidelines with respect to the waste administration and water the executives. A Stand needs to do a venture of ? 4000 to have is slow down with the correct guidelines. (Bodwin, 2008) But once the stands have given the concession the proprietor can make an awesome measure of cash. The concessions for the stand are no different however as a rule if your stand is progressively green, natural and option, the less expensive the lease will be in could go down to ? 00 to non like a slow down represented considerable authority in dairy cultivating items. (Murray, 2009) There are around 800 slows down, which they been discharge the concessions to sell their items during Glastonbury Festival. (Lee, 2010) Th e bars at Glastonbury Concert is sort out by Workers Beer Company which is support via Carlsberg the renting that hello provide for add to the celebration is around ? 500. 000 (Wanddworthy, 2012) Goods and administrations slows down A kind B slow down sells any sorts of good and administrations that can be need it during the occasion. This can differ from Tabaco affiliate, to Tend fixing ssistant, books, papers, contraptions, banners and liquor. For this stands Festival republic is in control on giving them explicit guidelines and guidelines in regards to the Concessions. The standard cost is likewise set from ? 1000 to a limit of ? 3000 there is a choice that the proprietor of the slow down could embrace and is that to cooperate with one of the patrons of Glastonbury like; Oxfam, Water Aid and green harmony is to give some portion of the slow down cash to there Couse and they will be prepared to pay for there slow down lease for all the occasion. Bands inside Glastonbury festivalTh e stopping of the parades is acknowledged yet just on the out skirts of the occasion. Glastonbury celebration LTD discharges upon demand a parade concession however they have to follow explicit criteria’s: Each individual entering must have an end of the week Festival ticket holder. What's more, this concession might be discharge if the ticket more established will rest in the vehicles and have a fitted dozing and cooking offices. The expense of this uncommon concession given to the processions is of ? 85 for the whole occasion. There is a decrease of the cost for genuinely tested people.Which is ? 65 that is additionally legitimate for all the occasion time. Every vehicle is permitted to have one vehicle however there is an extra leaving ticket of ? 20 for every vehicle. (Philip m. , 2013) Pre Erected tend help Since Glastonbury celebration LTD comprehends that outdoors is one of the most diversion and leaving things of the celebration. Not every person would have a tend so they have discharge an admission to Argos to lease keeps an eye on who might wish to lease them. This is a generally excellent open door for business for Argos yet they have to pay to Glastonbury Festival ? 100. 00 so as to have the authorization to raise there tends inside the outdoors refers to. The ticket holders then they can without much of a stretch lease a tend inside an Argos story or purchase calling a hotline. The cost for leasing of the tend carefully relies upon the inhabitance of individuals Inside it. For a standard 2 man Cloud House is ? 300 for 5 evenings and those are the most mainstream and they will in general rat rapidly. At that point there the pick of a 4 man chime ten which accompanies an expense of ? 500. For the greatest tend that can hold 8 individuals inside which is an arch tent is ? 00 for 5 evenings. Argos have around 7. 000 will in general rent and the get all sold out. (Philip m. , 2013) Electrical Power and stages Mr Michael Eavis is famouse for Glas tonbury Festival of contemporary Arts for his capacity to make an occasion that is extraordinary for the business since his practically 70% manageable (Philip M. , Our-green. approaches, 2013) Eavis’ have introduced 1,116 sun based boards which have been introduced on the top of the cowshed. The 1. 500-section of land site successfully will carry the Glastonbury celebration to be has naturally as possible.The sun oriented force vitality well produce around 200 diesel-controlled generators and will have the option to create enough electrical capacity to ensure than beyond what one band can play, The sound frameworks on location have an all out intensity of 650,000 watts, with the principle stage having 250 speakers. Likewise the food-and-drink providers will have the option to work there slows down when the lights of the day will go down. (Morris, 2010). Mr Eavis have given the admission to assemble such framework in his homestead to SOLAR PANEL UK with the cooperation of Gree npeace.The gauge speculation in addition to the consent to introduce such foundation was about ? 40m. (UK, 2012) The venture is significant on the grounds that the name of sunlight based board will turn out to be a piece of the official patron for the celebration. Likewise green harmonies get the opportunity to advance appropriateness in the UK. Sun oriented board gets given 25% of the produced using the show. End Glastonbury Festival of execution of contemporary expressions is a build up occasion. Has been running for more than 40 years. Also, consistently them appear to improve in numerous perspectives

Culmination is the Zenith Essay

Believing the sprouting of the bud to be the pinnacle in being the blossom, in lieu with the movement directed, Culminating Activity is drawing out the best of what the youngster has realized as a unit. BHIS underscores on Trans disciplinary educational program which corresponds each part of learning done in the school. It is critical that training isn't simply course reading and study hall adapting yet a handy and application situated arrangement of learning. Summit exercises do only that. These exercises correspond the different creating aptitudes identifying with knowledge, semantic, social, physical et al. This action is directed two times every year . The first being during the first term and the second in the period of March. In the period of __________________ Grd. 1 had the first finishing Activity which had Water as its topic. All the understudies of Grd. 1 took an interest in it, ensuring the learning on the topic water was finished in it’s own way. Working with the offspring of my group I comprehended that through this movement the youngsters, who may have not effectively partaken in the study hall meetings of Water, apparently was doing it here and energetically. The Culminating Activity comprised of a drama, Tiddalik the Frog, trailed by a melody. The kids additionally gave a concise introduction on ‘Water’. Long stretches of training made this movement an immense achievement within the sight of the guardians. It is likewise well-suited to take note of that this action however little had an extraordinary job in building trust in the kids.

Comparison of a Position Argument and a Proposal Argument

6. 1 COMPARISON OF A POSITION ARGUMENT AND A PROPOSAL ARGUMENT |DISTINCTION |POSITION ARGUMENT |PROPOSAL ARGUMENT | |Definition of each |Proposal contentions, in any case, are contentions in which you |Position contentions are contentions in which you express your | |request an adjustment in arrangement or strategy of something that is|position on a specific issue and afterward continue to contend the | |already set up, similar to another law or rule for instance. position you're disagreeing with some all around archived | |evidence, research, and realities. |Key highlights of each |HAVE YOU: |HAVE YOU: | |Chose a disputable issue |Clearly expressed the issue | |Clearly expressed a position |Clearly proposed an answer | |Recognized different positions and potential complaints |Explained why the arrangement will work | |Developed an all around contemplated contention |Demonstrated how the arrangement will function | |Provided persuading bolster proof |Addressed potential protests | |P rojected a sensible persona |Shown why the arrangement is better than choices | |Projected a sensible persona | | | | |How does each start? |With a clarification of their issue and obviously expressed |Because a proposition contention tries to change the perusers mind| | |position. or then again conduct, you should initially exhibit that there is such a| | |problem. The author should make the difficult all the more persuading | |supporting the case by indicating strong proof. | | |How does each close? |Provide persuading supporting proof in figures agreements and |Even however you may trust you have the best answer for | |specific subtleties. The more substantial realities and supporting the |the issue, you can't anticipate that perusers should follow | |position the more explanation there is for the peruser to acknowledge |automatically to impart your insight. The author must explain| | |that the position is legitimate. |why your answer is superior to the other options. | |

Apple Recommendations Steve Jobs

Question: Examine about theApple Recommendations for Steve Jobs. Answer: Presentation Returning to Steve Jobs activity Steve occupations was viewed as a difficult virtuoso whose imaginative nature, acquainted convincing thoughts with the drawing tables that expanded the achievement of the organization. These days Apples achievement is connected to its capacity to utilize its qualities to conquer shortcomings and dangers, and to abuse openings has been gradually pushing back against Steve Jobs thoughts and activity Concentrate on advancements Apple neglected to concentrate on development and research like it used to, its activity its buying power in securing innovation from different organizations that have succeeded are still liable to succeed, the acquisition of Beats by Dre earphone is a genuine model. Such circumstances may have a negative effect later on that would bring about the breakdown of the bought innovation bringing about expanded avoidable misfortune for example Microsoft purchasing Nokia; Apple should come back to its imaginative endeavor and inventiveness by advancing broad research in innovation and advancement of their items Bring back the apple-Apple items were one of a kind and inventive, it was productive in focusing on its client needs and inclinations better than its rivals which caused it to obtain around half of the piece of the overall industry all inclusive. As of now, things are presently extraordinary, Apples capacity of uniqueness is weakened by the expanding foundation of new contenders and creative capacity of contenders this has brought about it altering the as of now custom fitted items to the inclination of the contender buyer and planning to catch them through their previous brilliance for example size of the telephone. Apple should adhere to their underlying item fitting however improve it with new innovation that different contenders will make some hard memories weakening expanding their piece of the pie and picking up their eliteness. Arrangement Package Gaining from past mix-ups, Apple ought to gain from its past mistakes in centering later on through legitimate concentrating of the innovative pattern that might be prosperous, for instance, its inability to distinguish mp3and distributed sharing of music was a mechanical pattern that it missed which would have been rewarding Utilization of Customer experience. Contemplating client taste and inclinations in significant in the market strength, Apple ought to think about the customer's attribute and improve or tailor make their brands to every purchaser section, they ought to likewise present other market portions instead of concentrating on the top of the line fragment. Examining and upgrading administrations utilized by clients - concentrating of the customer will expand Apples comprehension of the administrations utilized for example informing, pictures and recordings and numerous others. Through such information, the organization ought to be in a place of leading examination improving and upgrading administrations offered by their items Search outside for good thoughts Apple should search for thoughts somewhere else rather that inside the representative range, this could be through holding imaginative innovation competitions in schools and grounds. This prompts a presentation of new thoughts from the youthful age customized to the Apple items and administrations coming about to improved uniqueness of the item Wonderful execution-|Apple should create items that are proficient and quick in serving its clients, they should likewise cross-check any informalities in their items that would bring about a get back to that would prompt misfortunes for instance Samsung universe note seven got back to because of battery issues. The items ought to have no bugs, expanded safety efforts that will outperform the desires for the purchaser Reference Shea, T. (2013).Steve Jobs and Apple. New York, Rosen Pub. Rowles, D. (2017).Mobile promoting. [S.l.], Kogan Page. Pousttchi, K., Wiedemann, D. G. (2010).Handbook of research on versatile showcasing the board. Hershey, PA, Business Science Reference. Doedend, M. (2012).Steve Jobs: innovation pioneer and Apple virtuoso. Minneapolis, Lerner Publications Top of Form Dormehl, L. (2013).The Apple insurgency: the genuine story of how Steve Jobs and the insane ones assumed control over the world. Base of Form

How Ginkgo Biloba Affects Memory and Stroke Risk

How Ginkgo Biloba Affects Memory and Stroke Risk Holistic Health Print How Ginkgo Biloba Affects Memory and Stroke Risk By Mark Stibich, PhD  Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Stibich, PhD Updated on February 04, 2020 Thomas J Peterson/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Ginkgo biloba is one of the most popular supplements used around the world. Also known as the maidenhair tree, it is widely popular for improving memory and preventing cognitive problems such as dementia. However, researchers are finding out ginkgo biloba may not be as effective as once thought. Whats more, it may increase the risk of a dangerous, yet common medical condition. The Research Researchers enrolled 118 people over age 85 with no memory or other cognitive problems in a study, published in 2008 in the journal Neurology, to find out the impact of ginkgo biloba on memory and dementia. Half of the people took a ginkgo biloba supplement three times a day, and the other half took a placebo. Researchers followed up with them for three years. Over the course of the study, 21 people developed mild memory problems; 14 of those people were taking the placebo, and seven were taking to ginkgo extract. But its not all good news for ginkgo. The difference between the ginkgo and placebo groups was not statistically significant. In other words, the fact that the placebo group had more cases of memory problems could have been just random change. The Reality During the aforementioned study participants were found to not having taken the proper dosage of the supplements. When the people who were not taking their ginkgo biloba three times daily were removed from the analysis, the remaining ginkgo biloba takers had 68% less risk of developing mild memory problems over three years. This would seem like a significant lowering of risk, however, the studies findings also revealed an uptick in risk. Stroke Risk The group taking the ginkgo biloba extract properly had more strokes and mini-strokes than the placebo group. Researchers concluded that more research needs to be done to better understand the benefits and risks of ginkgo biloba and brain health. In a recent review of studies related to Ginkgo biloba supplementation, Ginkgo biloba was found to show improvement of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and global clinical assessment in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimers disease. However, because many studies are limited in sample size, some findings were inconsistent and the methodological quality of included trials was shoddy, more research is warranted to confirm the effectiveness and safety of ginkgo biloba in treating mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimers disease. Bottom Line Right now, it doesn’t seem like a good idea. There could be something to the claims that ginkgo biloba can improve memory (or at least slow memory decline), but the evidence isn’t strong enough, and the possible increase in stroke risk is just too high. There are also multiple forms of ginkgo biloba in the marketplace. Until researchers figure out which forms are harmful and in what dosage, it seems best to stay away. Instead of looking for a pill, consider these mental fitness techniques to keep your brain sharp.

Pets of Famous Writers and Authors (Dickens, Byron and More)

A cat or dog can be both a best friend and a muse to a writer. We work at home all day and spend countless hours alone in the tedium of our own company, so it helps to have a little loving ball of fur to cuddle into and, occasionally, crawl along the keyboard or pester you for food. Robertson Davis said â€Å"Authors love cats because they are such quiet, lovable, wise creatures, and cats like authors foe the same reasons† and many authors (and maybe cats) would agree. But what other animals have formed a connection with this strange breed of human and what pets did your favorite authors prefer? Charles Dickens—Raven One of the greatest writers in history was a huge animal lover and kept cats, dogs, a canary and even an eagle, apparently. One of his favorite pets was a raven, or rather a succession of ravens, all of which he trained and named Grip. The very first Grip was such a beloved feature in Dickens’ life that he had him stuffed and even wrote him into one of his best-selling novels. Kurt Vonnegut—Dog The author of Slaughterhouse-Five was a big dog lover and owned a shaggy companion named Pumpkin. Dogs require that little bit more effort and unlike cats they need to be walked, are much more active and don’t sleep all day. But they can also be a good excuse to get out of the house and to stop being so lazy—a lesson all writers can learn. Dog bites and scratches are also considerably less dangerous than cat bites and scratches and it’s easier to win their affections. Still, I’ll take a lazy, independent, self-cleaning feline any day. Alice Walker—Chickens The author of The Color Purple also wrote about chickens and was a huge fan of these birds. Her book was a chronicle of the day-to-day lives of her chickens, written with a great adoration and passion, one that we can all learn from. John Steinbeck—Dogs Steinbeck, just like Vonnegut, was a huge dog lover. The Grapes of Wrath author had two dogs named Toby and Charley, the latter of which formed the basis for a travel journal. You know you have taken your pet passion to the next  level when you start chronicling your experiences and professing your love for your pet to your fans. Toby also tried to get in on the action by eating the first draft of Of Mice and Men. On an unrelated note, grapes are actually poisonous  for dogsmaybe thats where the wrath came from. Lord Byron—Bear This was less of a pet and more of an â€Å"F-you† in animal form. Byron was a huge animal lover in general and had dogs. When he took one of these  to school with him he was told that dogs were not allowed. Rather than accepting his fate and giving up, Byron decided to test those college rules by taking a bear with him instead. â€Å"You said no dogs, but you never said anything about bears† is a quote you won’t see attributed to Byron often, but it has as much validity as all those other classic quotes.

Essay on The Backbone of the US Legal System The...

The Backbone of the US Legal System: The Constitution The Constitution is the founding document for the United States government and is the highest law of the country. The U.S Constitution is the backbone of the legal system which defines the structure of government, guarantees the rights to its citizens and provides the basis on which all American laws are made. No other national laws may disagree with any of the Constitutions ideology and the federal courts have jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution and evaluate the constitutionality of federal and state laws. Three of the most important features of the U.S. legal system that one should know are: federalism; judicial review; and the administrative agencies. The first important†¦show more content†¦E-Verify is an essential tool for employers committed to maintaining a legal workforce, and the number of registered employers is growing by over 1,200 per week.† (http://www.dhs.gov/files) The United States Constitution and legal system affect the authority and function of businesses. In the United States, businesses and individuals are subject to fines and/or jail time for violating workforce laws. When businesses take an active role in enabling employees to violate laws they are subject to fines and being shutdown. For example, businesses have a responsibility to assure that all employees have a legal work status. In some cases, undocumented employees have been able to acquire employment either through falsifying documents or by passive recruiting personnel that disregard the employment laws for their selfish benefit. Swift Meats, one of the nation’s largest meat packers of beef and pork, has recently seen the effects of what breaking the law can do to a business, when they were raided by ICE, resulting in the arrest of 1297 employees and 28 members of management identified of willfully violating workforce employment laws. â€Å"Tuesdays criminal arrests came in addition to 1,297 administrative arrests of illegal aliens for immigration violations† (http://www.ice.gov/pi/ news/newsreleases/SWIFT) The DHS is trying toShow MoreRelatedU.s. Constitution And American Public Policy895 Words   |  4 Pagesaspects of life, but most of which are violated or misused by court officials or government officials. Many years ago, people decided they would find a way to govern America. They formed the U.S. Constitution, a form of government like no other by the people, of the people, and for the people. With The Constitution in effect, laws had to be made. American Public Policy explains how American Law in American Courts worked and why those laws were implemented. Americans have their constitutional rights’ whichRead MoreConstitutional Conventions Of The United Kingdom1711 Words   |  7 Pagesconventions act like the procedural agreements that make people think of them as the morality of the constitution of the United Kingdom. Practice, habits and customs normally act as the regulator of conduct and they are attributed to the constitutional conventions. Typically, they are expected to be flexible and adapt faster to societal changes and hence are regarded as constitutional, moral backbone (Galligan Brenton, 2015). It is however important to note that these constitutional conventions neverRead MorePersuasive Essay On The 5th Amendment1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe US Constitution established America’s national government, fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. The framers of the Constitution ensured that the government would be just, and protect its citizens from internal discord. The Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments in The Constitution and are to be our most basic of rights. The 5th amendment states â€Å"life, liberty, and property without due process of the law†. The 5th Amendment protects people from being heldRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil R ights1500 Words   |  6 Pagesformally introduced the concept of civil liberties into the backbone of our new nation in 1776 with the signing of The Declaration of Independence. 1 Civil liberties are broadly defined by the Declaration in the statement, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; 2 that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; 1 that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (US, 1776). While civil liberties are believed to be the rightRead MorePublic Health1526 Words   |  7 Pageshealth functions provided by public health law define the important role that the public health system plays, at the local, state, and national levels, in maintaining the health and safety of citizens (Minnesota Department of Health, 2012). These functions represent the spectrum of activities and responsibilities that are shared among public health system partners (Key Elements of Wisconsin’s Public Health System, 2012). Public Health Core Function Principally Addressed In the article, Public HealthRead MoreEssay about I Am An American1673 Words   |  7 Pagescaused by the Dred Scott case. Dred Scott vs. Sanford was a case where the U.S. Supreme Court said that African Americans that were imported to the United States and held as slaves could never be U.S. citizens because they were not protected by the constitution. In Section 1 of the 14th amendment it states â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforceRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Individual Rights1925 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant part of the justice system. Without individual rights things would be chaotic therefore, public order is brought into the system so that everyone’s individual rights are in place for each individual to use as a backbone for guidelines of what is acceptable and what is not. Although, there are disadvantages and advantages of both individual rights and public order they are still very essential to maintain order. Individual rights are distinct from civil or legal rights as these are rightsRead MoreAdministrative Law is the by-product of constitutional law5683 Words   |  23 Pagesstates administrative law, as â€Å"the law relating to the administration. It determines the organization, powers and duties of administrative authorities. † Dicey states that administrative law is as follows: That portion of nation’s legal system that defines the legal status and liabilities of all state officials, It defines the right and liabilities of private individuals in their dealings with public officials. It specifies the procedure by which those rights and liabilities are enforcedRead MoreEvery Day People In The World Deal With Racism And Discrimination,1608 Words   |  7 PagesStates should present themselves. According to Merriam-Webster, the definition of discrimination is the act of making or perceiving a difference. Immigration to the United States can be very hard due to people who enter a country lack of access to legal documents and the expensive nature of entering into a country. The United States has, in the past, been a major target destination for people looking for work and continues to be so today. Worldwide, all the workers in a company or country have becomeRead MoreThe U.S. Border Patrol1104 Words   |  4 Pagesmission remains unchanged: to detect and prevent the illegal entry of aliens into the United States† (Border Patrol Overview, web). With the help of other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol helps maintain borders, by facilitating the flow of legal immigration while preventing the illegal trafficking of people. You think your job is tough, â€Å"The Border Patrol is specifically responsible for patrolling nearly 6,000 miles of Mexican and Canadian international land borders and over 2,000 miles of

Diversity and Multiculturalism in the Workforce in a Global Company Free Essay Example, 2750 words

In the event of an acquisition, the acquiring organization gains both physical and intangible assets of the acquired company. In addition to the facilities and reputation, an organization absorbs the manpower and the knowledge base that came with it. Technologies, operational information, data, products, patents, innovations, and so forth these are transferred upon acquisition. For example, when Google bought Motorola Mobility, it acquired a host of patented technologies it was able to use for its own organizational objectives and activities (Google 2012). When Lenovo partnered with the Japanese firm NEC, the organization not only gained access to the Japanese market but also experienced technology transfer since the nature of the partnership required NEC to provide technology when Lenovo s contribution was the provision of financial capital (Lenovo 2011). This is an important aspect of internationalization. Another component in the rules of the game is how managers of the emergin g global or multinational company are able to attract and maintain a diverse workforce. This area is important because an international company requires the type of management that can deal with the diversity and multiculturalism of an international organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity and Multiculturalism in the Workforce in a Global Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Furthermore, the acquisition or the partnership can offer the least disruption to the organization s global operation.

Prothesis in English grammar

Prothesis is a term used in phonetics and phonology to refer to the addition of a  syllable  or  a sound (usually a vowel) to the beginning of a word (for example, especial). Adjective: prothetic. Also called intrusion or  word-initial epenthesis.   Linguist David Crystal notes that the phenomenon of prothesis is common both in historical change  . . .  and in connected speech (A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 1997).   The opposite of prothesis is aphesis  (or  aphaeresis  or procope)--that is, the  loss of a short unaccented vowel  (or syllable) at the beginning of a word.   The intrusion of an extra sound at the end of a word (for example, whilst) is called epithesis or  paragoge. The intrusion of a sound between two consonants in the middle of a word (for example, fillum for film) is called anaptyxis or, more generally, epenthesis. Examples and Observations And its a hard, and its a hard, its a hard, its a hard,And its a hard rains a-gonna fall.(Bob Dylan, A Hard Rains A-Gonna Fall. The Freewheelin Bob Dylan, 1962)My characters will hence forth go afishing, and they will read Afield Astream. Some of them, perhaps all of them, will be asexual.(E.B. White in a letter to a New Yorker editor who changed the word fresh to afresh in one of his essays)[A prothetic sound is a vowel etc.] that has developed historically at the beginning of a word. E.g. the e of establish is in origin a prothetic vowel in Old French establir, from Latin stabilire.(P.H. Matthews, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007)Old fond eyes, beweep this cause again.(King Lear in The Tragedy of King Lear, by William Shakespeare)

Essay on Love, Hate and Cruelty in Wuthering Heights

Love, Hate and Cruelty in Wuthering Heights Wuthering Heights written by Emily Bronte, was a novel filled with many emotions and activity. Her characters represent an on going conflict between love and hate. Upon the publication of the book articles and reviews were written regarding Brontes novel. Following her death some of these were recovered such as the following written January 15 1848: In Wuthering Heights the reader is shocked, disgusted, almost sickened by details of cruelty, inhumanity and the most diabolical hate and vengeance, and anon come passages of powerful testimony to the supreme power of love- even over demons in the human form. The women in the book are of a strange†¦show more content†¦The cruelties of Hindley toward Heathcliff produces vengeance. Heathcliff feels the need to take revenge, and zeros in on Hareton Earnshaw son to Hindley. Heathcliffs evil influence is felt upon the boy who reflects the most insensitive traits. He turns the young Hareton into a brute for whom has no respect or love for his father or for his education. He raised his missile to hurl it: I commenced a soothing speech, but could not stay the hand-the stone struck my bonnet; and then ensued, from the stammering lips of the little fellow, a string of curses, which whether he comprehended them or not, were delivered with practiced emphasis, and distorted his baby features into a shocking expression of malignity. (109) Heathcliffs cruelties toward Haerton is felt throughout. He has become a reflection of the cruelty Heathcliff hides in himself, he has done to Haerton what Hindley did to him. In a strange sense Haerton clings to Heathcliff, and treats him as if he was a father. The supreme power of love is a central theme in the book. Bronte produces a love that is not so much romantic as it is powerful. Heathcliffs evil is projected upon everyone in the story except Catherine. Catherine had from the start of the story had a love for Heathcliff. I ran to the childrens room; their door was ajar, I sawShow MoreRelatedExternal Crisis Throughout Wuthering Heights1518 Words   |  7 PagesExternal Crisis Throughout Wuthering Heights. While reading Emily Bronte s classic Wuthering Heights you are taken on a journey of love and obsession, betrayal and revenge and a tragedy of wasted passion and lost potential. The book Wuthering Heights is told through the perspective of a written diary owned by a man, this man being Mr. Lockwood. In 1801, Mr. Lockwood rents the property Thrushcross Grange, a property owned by the mysterious Mr. Heathcliff of Wuthering Heights. Upon meeting MrRead MoreTheme Of Love In Wuthering Heights922 Words   |  4 PagesLove can take many forms. Sonnet 18, undoubtedly one of Shakespeare’s most famous works and believed to be one of the most famous love poems of all time, illustrates the timelessness and true beauty of love in a natural, pure way. In contrast, Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights takes a far darker, more intense yet somewhat sinister twist when exploring the themes of love, passion and cruelty. One of the greatest love stories in English literature, the love-hate passionate relationship between CathyRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe Series of Unfortunate Events Emily Bronte, a highly esteemed and imaginative writer, is the mastermind behind the novel Wuthering Heights. When Bronte was very young, her mother passed away from a serious, untreatable sickness. After her death, Branwell, Bronte’s older brother, took care of the children (Pettingell). Her brother, a poet and painter, turned to an alcoholic and drug abuser was responsible for the children as they all grew up together. 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Mittal Steel in 2006 Free Essays

Mittal Steal in 2006: Changing the Global Steel Game Industry Analysis Although steel was a highly demanded good, the industry as a whole was largely unprofitable. One reason for this was that the industry remained highly fragmented in contrast to their suppliers and even some of their buyers, who were considerably more consolidated. Aside from the increased competition that fragmentation contributed to, it also degraded the steal industry’s bargaining power to raw material suppliers and in some cases, such as the auto industry, the buyers. We will write a custom essay sample on Mittal Steel in 2006 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The resulting high fixed costs, volatile raw material prices, and intense price competition fueled unstable profitability. Adding to the fragmentation issues was a lack of differentiation in the market. For the longest time there were really only two production possibilities. One, being vertically integrated and producing higher-grade steel at a higher cost of operation, or two, de-verticalize and focus on low cost, low-grade steel production. Depending on the production selected, the resulting accessible customer base was limited. This lack of differentiation further fueled the limited bargaining power of steel manufacturers. As stated above, steel was highly demanded. The problem was that the growth of that demand remained quite stagnate for nearly 20 years. It wasn’t until the explosion of growth in the Chinese construction industry, attributing to 25% of total steel consumption, that the steel industry saw any profitability. In an industry where customers demand a low cost and a consistent product, being able to maintain a reliable supply while being as cost efficient as possible was key to a firms success. Though there was a spike in Chinese demand, only those strategically positioned could access the true value of the Chinese market. This was because the steel industry operated primarily on an intra-regional basis. Many factors attributed to this, but a firm’s dependence on raw material access, and trying to avoid high transportation and tariff costs, as well as delivery lags, were the primary reasons for high regional trade. In order to access the benefits of regional trade, firms had to expand their operations through high FDI in the form of MA’s. This gained them access to highly profitable regions and it allowed firms to spread their risk over a larger area, reducing the impact of demand fluctuations in one particular region. The reason many of these MA opportunities existed was because of a major shit from government owned steel plants to privatization. Through privatization, FDI opportunities became possible in many countries, thus make intra-regional trade more accessible and attractive. Consolidation Integration Recognizing that the dynamics of the market were changing, LNM was quick to take advantage. He was steadfast in his belief that they only way to create sustained success was through consolidation and integration. With increased privatization opportunities available, LNM began a series of MA’s that would gain him access to regions that were highly profitable, had lower labor costs, and would position him to have higher bargaining power with suppliers. LNM made the first moves in the industry toward consolidation, and was this strategic initiative that has since driven the evolution of the industry to where it is today. A major source of value creation was derived from their technological lead in DRI. LNM decided early on to focus their operations around â€Å"integrated minimills†, which was untraditional at the time. Through this structure he was able to capture the maximum value of his operation, using scrap in the minimills, then reverse integrating into DRI. Once unreliable, DRI technology had advanced so much that it’s output was now comparable to the quality of integrated steel plants. This technology stronghold provided them better quality steel at a cheaper cost of production, providing them with a huge competitive advantage. Additionally, It was this technology, aided by a proven SWAT team and protocol, which supported their ability to transform underperforming government owned plants to profitable ones in a short period. LMN’s initial approach was to resurrect distressed government owed plants then breath new life into them through technology sharing and smart practices. He soon sought larger targets that would provide him not only economies of scale, but also provide competitive advantages through geographic scope. Starting with Karmet, he began to shift his targeting toward plants that were either highly integrated, possessed significant mineral rights, or supplied a strategic geographic advantage. Through designing their activity architecture in this way, Mittal steel became the world’s largest and most integrated steelmaker; providing strong positions in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The result of their strategic positioning, combined with their focus of coordination through KIP and KMP, made Mittal the first firm in the industry to operate as a transnational organization. Each plant provided its own uniqueness, providing different capabilities and skills that could be harnessed for the good of the whole organization. There was also a heavy flow of people, materials and finances between the interdependent plants, but at the center of it all was the Mittal Steel directing tight coordination and a shared strategic decision making process. On a regional level, they operated through regional hubs. This allows Mittal’s positioning of adjacent plants to source from the same suppliers, increasing their bargaining power and reliability of supply, while not jeopardizing cannibalism of sales as each plant’s customer base was unique to their location. Mittal’s vertical integration in mining and low cost position helps support profitability and helps to  reduce capital expenditure needs. They are the most diversified steel  company in the world in terms of asset  location and market presence. They also have a diverse product range, including both flat and long steel. As such, Mittal is not overly dependent on any single  region, product, or end market. These benefits are somewhat mitigated however by the risks associated with Mittal’s rapid expansion through acquisitions. These include such things as institutional risks associated with emerging markets and uncertainties regarding the integration of newly acquired assets, although Mittal’s  integration track record has been successful to date. Arcelor Acquisition In light of the above information, I believe that Mittal should pursue the Arcelor acquisition aggressively. Mittal Steel Arcelor complement each other in terms of geographical coverage and product mix, as there is no significant overlap. Mittal has strong positions in the U. S. market; low-cost operations in Central and  Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa; and vertical raw-material integration. Arcelor is the leader in higher value-added products with strongholds in Western Europe and Brazil, as well as a focus on Russia, India, and China. I believe that the positioning of Arcelor’s plants and resource capabilities would integrate nicely to Mittal’s activity architecture. There would be very minimal duplications of effort, and many of the regions that Arcelor operates are in prime locations to source raw materials. The addition will only strengthen Mittal’s integrated transnational value chain. Through acquisition, Mittal would produce nearly 110 million tonnes of steel per year, making them three times as large than their next competitor. Although this can lead to diseconomies of scale, in Mittal’s case, as the largest player in the steel industry both globally and in the key markets, the combined group would enjoy significant bargaining power. Additionally, through shared expertise, the combined entity would be in a better position to develop the high growth region of China and South East Asia. Arcelor’s alliance with Nippon and Mittal’s acquisition of Karmet and stake in Valin will provide access to critical Asian markets. Regardless of the â€Å"synergies† the acquisition will create, caution still needs to be exercised by Mittal. There are evident signs that the acquisition will not be welcomed by Arcelor, assuming that Mr. Dolle’s canceled meeting and unreturned phone call was an indication to his temperature on the proposal. If the acquisition turned hostile there is a good chance Mittal would have to overpay for Arcelor, which could have adverse affects to it investment ratings. At the current bid price Mittal would already have to leverage â‚ ¬5 billion and would be in debt by â‚ ¬11. 5 billion. Although they have a good track record of ROI and the industry as a whole has seen a spike in ROIC, they do not want to spend more than they have to. Despite the favorable history and perceived synergies, Mittal should pay at a maximum â‚ ¬27. 1 billion for the deal. They should obviously try to pay as close to the current bid as possible, but at â‚ ¬27. billion they are still in a position where they could access the capital needed given their successful history. Also, at the mark of â‚ ¬27. 1 billion their debt would raise to â‚ ¬20 billion, but with an EBITDA of over â‚ ¬5. 5 billion annually, not to mention the added revenues from the acquisition, the debt could be confidently paid off in a reasonable timeframe. If the bidding exceeds the mark of â‚ ¬27. 1 billion, the negotiations should be ceased and Mittal should pursue other opportunities to continue their global footprint expansion. How to cite Mittal Steel in 2006, Essay examples

Analyzing Risks Management of Risk Rating Scale

Question: Discuss about the Analyzing Risks Management of Risk Rating Scale. Answer: Part A Likelihood of risk according to risk rating scale (AE; extremely likely, likely, possible, unlikely to rare). Product malfunction causing injury to a consumer rare (E) Malfunction in the product is highly unlikely to happen but in exceptional circumstances it may occur Worker injured on-the-job from tripping on loose carpet square possible (C) Injury to worker while performing certain job might occur at some time due to carelessness while performing the task. Interest rate rise increases repayment costs on business borrowings possible (C) Increase in repayment cost due to increase in interest rate might occur. If due to market forces the interest rate is increased then, it will result in increase in cost at which the company repay its borrowings. One of your product component suppliers goes into receivership unlikely (D) The company knows well in advance about the credibility of its suppliers so receivership is not expected but due to unexpected crises it may occur. Staff fraud due to possible software loopholes/backdoors - unlikely (D) Frauds are not expected from the staff employees but due to some loopholes it may occur (Southern Cross University, 2015) b) Level of impact value (15; insignificant, minor, moderate, major to catastrophic) Product malfunction causing injury to a consumer -minor (2) It may cause minor injury which requires medical treatment. Also, it will be covered by local media coverage. Worker injured on-the-job from tripping on loose carpet square - minor (2) Minor injury will result in loss of some days of work. This will cause inconveniency and local media coverage. Interest rate rise increases the repayment costs on business borrowings moderate (3) Significant level of financial and corporate impact on the company One of your product component suppliers goes into receivership - moderate (3) It would cause significant impact on the corporate objectives of the company. Staff fraud due to possible software loopholes/backdoors - major (4) Due to staff fraud, major financial impact is caused and the business is interrupted as the critical system becomes unavailable for minimum one day. It will result in adverse and extended national media coverage. c) Overall risk priority for treatment (high, medium, low) Product malfunction causing injury to a consumer high Because customer is the essential part of the business and if the issue remains unsolved then, mouth publicity will affect the overall sales of the product. Worker injured on-the-job from tripping on loose carpet square high Proper treatment of worker must be the top priority as the injury would result in loss of some days of work and also loss of trust of workers. Interest rate rise increases repayment costs on business borrowings medium As interest rate is affected by market phenomenon, the company could do less towards solving this problem. One of your product component suppliers goes into receivership medium Supplier receivership matters cannot be solved immediately as it involves various parties. Staff fraud due to possible software loopholes/backdoors high Fraudulent activities must be taken into consideration on high priority basis as it involves financial loss to the company. Also, proper action must be taken to stop these activities to occur in future (Broadleaf, 2014). Part B Knowing now that GM suffered massive losses as a result of badly misjudging the mood of the US consumer and the impact of the global financial crisis, what basic rule of thumb for assessment of consequence should GM have applied in this case? Due to incorrect judgment of the mood and taste of the consumers in the United States, General Motors suffered a great loss. Even though there was demand of hybrid and fuel efficient vehicle, the company wrongly assessed the trends in the market and preferences of the customers. Financial crisis was also one of the important reasons of the shift in demand of consumers adding to the further lowering of demand(Sturgeon Biesebroeck, 2010). The basic rule of thumb that GM should have applied for assessing consequences is acquiring adequate and important information and data about the current needs of its customers. Risk management specialist must have knowledge about the current trends in the automobile sector and needs to know what actually a customer is demanding(Carmohn, 2010). Also, information about various releases in the market by the competitors must be collected and updated, so that customer reaction can be noted and further action can be taken according to the impact created by the other automobile release (Xu, 2005). With rising oil prices, falling confidence in the finance markets and raised environmental concerns among the general public, what likelihood and consequence would you assign to this situation, and what resultant overall risk priority would you generate? Due to rise in the prices of oil, the automobile industry is facing a competitive pressure in the market. Due to global financial crisis the confidence of people in the financial markets is falling(Rosenfeld, 2009). Also, now the customers demand for fuel efficient vehicles due to rising concern about environment. The government has also made various regulations related to environment safety and emission control (National Academies Press, 2016). The likelihood of occurring of this situation is unlikely. Because the event is not expected to occur but at the same time, there is a slight possibility of its occurrence sometimes. When we talk about the consequences, it has catastrophic impact on both financial and corporate objectives of the company. It demands for major steps on the part of management to deal with the situation. Business is interrupted to a great extent and international media coverage plays a major role in affecting the image of the company (Popov et al., 2016). High risk priority is generated for this situation as it calls for immediate actions and counter actions to be taken to save the company from the major impact of increase in oil prices and global financial crises. References Broadleaf, 2014. Setting priorities for risk treatment and assurance of controls. [Online] Available at: https://broadleaf.com.au/resource-material/setting-priorities-for-risk-treatment-and-assurance-of-controls/ [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Carmohn, S., 2010. An analysis and explanation of the failure of General Motors on the basis of the theoretical framework of path dependency in the field of Crisis Management. GRIN Verlag. National Academies Press, 2016. Impacts On The Automotive Industry. [Online] Available at: https://www.nap.edu/read/1806/chapter/7 [Accessed 13 september 2016]. Popov, G., Lyon, B.K. Hollcroft, B., 2016. Risk Assessment: A Practical Guide to Assessing Operational Risks. John Wiley Sons. Rosenfeld, H., 2009. The North American Auto Industry in Crisis. [Online] Available at: https://monthlyreview.org/2009/06/01/the-north-american-auto-industry-in-crisis/ [Accessed 13 september 2016]. Southern Cross University, 2015. Risk Likelihood and Consequence Descriptors. [Online] Available at: https://scu.edu.au/risk_management/index.php/4 [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Sturgeon, T. Biesebroeck, J.V., 2010. Effects of the crisis on the automotive industry in developing countries : a global value chain perspective. [Online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46443928_Effects_of_the_crisis_on_the_automotive_industry_in_developing_countries_a_global_value_chain_perspective [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Xu, J., 2005. Market Research Handbook: Measurement, Approach and Practice. New York: iUniverse.

Culture of Australia free essay sample

The question of identity is always a difficult one for those living in a culture or group, yet belonging to another. This difficulty frequently remains in the mind of most immigrants, especially the second generations who were born in a country other than their parents. Younger generations feel as if they are forced to change to fit the social standards despite previous culture or group. Furthermore those who wish to adopt a new identity of a group or culture havent yet been fully accepted by original members due to their former identity. Living with a different culture to our roots can lead to changes in our lives. Migrating to Australia has affected a lot of authors from Alice Pungs vignettes of Growing up Asian in Australia. Michelle Law displays her exclusion from the Australian culture by preparing exotic lunches with her mother, as well as her hairless Chinese body compared to the school girls. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture of Australia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being seen as a distinct outsider to the Australian culture can influence one to change their way of life to fit in and form friendships. Sunil an Indian schoolboy was faced with the choice of constantly being bullied over his differences or adapting to the community by altering his name to Neil. Changing for others an lose your place in your original identity and culture. After visiting Hong Kong, Michelle momentarily feels identical to her surroundings with her Chinese ethnicity. After mispronouncing words when ordering at a Cantonese Mc Donalds, Michelle comes to realise that she feels just as excluded in Hong Kong as she did in Australia. This sense of displacement caused by multiple cultures can question Michelles judgement, Am I more Asian or more Australian? The feeling of not fitting in can lead us to changes in our life to fit social standards despite our previous culture or way of life. Alice Pung addresses the idea of multiculturalism in her novel Unpolished Gem. Two of the themes in this novel where she portrays her culture are through personal identity and the impact of the past. A major influence on Alices identity was when she was a young child and her grandmother would tell her stories about events that occurred in Cambodia. In Alices teenage years, her beloved grandmother has a stroke, developed disabilities and eventually had passed away. It is around this time where serious psychological problems occur for Alice. This almost forces her into a mental state in which she knows she does not fit in with the Australian culture. She believed she had to do everything she could to change that otherwise Alice knew she would break down mentally. Alice was forced to attempt to fit the social standards of Australia. The actions of adopting a new identity by putting yourself into a different group can lead to not only the new group not fully accepting you but also your original group will see you as a totally different person. At the age of 13 I played basketball for the under 14s side. We were all very close and had formed great friendships throughout the season. The following season I was asked to play above my age group. Without thinking twice I accepted what I thought was a great opportunity. A few days pasted and it was the day of my first training session with the older group. Throughout the 2 hours of training I did not enjoy myself at all. No one would pass me the ball and it was as if they didnt want me there. To be honest I didnt want to be there neither. I decided to return to my own age group and play with my old friend. At the next training session with my original team I realized the same thing was happening, no one would pass me the ball or even acknowledge that I was on the court. It turns out I had changed as a person and found myself caught between the two teams. The moral of that experience was by trying to fit in with a new group I found that I had lost my original identity and forgot where I belong. There are a variety of scenarios that result in us trying to change. Whether it is a result of a different culture or even past experiences. People also feel as if they are forced upon change, and even if you find yourself with a new identity or culture, you may not be fully accepted by original members of that group or culture. The power of a group however is often the cause of losing our individual identity. In conclusion the question remains of whether Change of an identity is right or wrong?

32 Doctors Later Still No Cure Essays - Perception, Pain, Acute Pain

32 Doctors Later Still No Cure There's no way to describe the feeling of helplessness. Since I was a little girl, I can remember my mothers' illness. I can remember her playing with us, regardless of how much pain she was in, just because she cared that much. Now I'm eighteen, and the same woman still pushes aside her health to be a part of my life. I cannot describe the frustrations! 32 doctors later, still there is no cure, for her illness. After her diagnosis was read, she was referred to a chronic pain therapist. My mothers' goals consist of getting out of bed, and eating. If she can accomplish these few things, her day is complete. The feeling is unsurpassable to me that my mother must live in chronic pain for the rest of her life. The thousands of dollars of antibiotics have served not as a cure, but the opposite, a poison, which has infected her liver. Why now at such a young age should she be burdened with these problems? Why someone so loving and caring for others? My mother is my life. I pray each day th at maybe someway our roles can be reversed, and for just one day she can live without pain. She made me realize that I shouldn't take things for granted, because it's never guaranteed to stay with me for the rest of my life. Also, each day of my life I should be thankful, no matter how absurd the day was. I believe all things happen for a reason, the happiest of things to the less- unfortunate circumstances. If there is one thing that I will always remember, it is that, God has a special plan for everybody, and a road that will lead us to where we need to go, although some of our roads will take us on separate journeys. Bibliography n/a Poetry and Poets

Common Classroom Etiquette and Rules for Students

Common Classroom Etiquette and Rules for Students There are a few standard rules that every student should observe at all times when it comes to behavior in the classroom. Respect Others You are sharing your classroom with several other people who are just as important as you. Dont try to make others feel embarrassed. Dont make fun of others, or roll your eyes, or make faces when they are speaking. Be Polite If you must sneeze or cough, dont do it on another student. Turn away and use a tissue. Say excuse me. If someone is brave enough to ask a question, dont laugh or make fun of them. Say thank you when someone else does something nice. Use appropriate language. Keep Supplies Stocked Keep tissues and other supplies in your desk so youll have one when you need it! Dont become a constant borrower. When you see your eraser or your pencil supply shrinking, ask your parents to restock. Be Organized Messy workspaces can become distractions. Try to clean your own space often, so your clutter doesnt interfere with the classroom workflow. Make sure you have a space for storing supplies that must be replenished. This way, you will know when your supplies are running low, and you wont have to borrow. Be Prepared Maintain a homework checklist and bring your finished homework and projects to class with you on the due date. Be on Time Arriving late to class is bad for you and it is bad for other students. When you walk in late, you interrupt the work that has begun. Learn to be punctual. You also risk the possibility of getting on the teachers nerves. This is never good. While the Teacher is Talking Look at the teacher to make eye contact, unless youre writing notes.Dont whisper.Dont pass notes.Dont throw things.Dont laugh.Dont make funny faces to make other people laugh. When You Have a Question Wait for your turn to ask a question. If someone else is speaking, simply wait with your hand raised (or whatever process your teacher requires).Dont say me, next or oh when youre waiting with your hand raised. You will be noticed. When Working Quietly in Class Dont hum or fidget to distract other students.Keep your hands and feet to yourself.Dont brag if you finish first.Dont make rude comments about another students work or habits. When Working in Small Groups Respect the work and the words of your group members. If you dont like an idea, be polite. Never say thats dumb, or anything that would embarrass a classmate. If you really dont like an idea, you can explain why without being rude. Speak to fellow group members in a low voice. Dont speak loud enough for other groups to hear. During Student Presentations Dont try to distract the speaker.Keep your eyes on the speaker.Dont make rude comments.Try to think of a question if the speaker invites the class to ask. During Tests Remain quiet until everyone is finished.Dont get up and walk around unless its absolutely necessary. Everybody likes to have fun, but there is a time and a place for fun. Dont try to have fun at the expense of others, and dont try to have fun at inappropriate times. The classroom can be fun, but not if your fun involves rudeness.

Cost of capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost of capital - Essay Example e returns to the company and the risks involved in the investment on purchasing the supplier has to be analysed and this process is known as the investment appraisal. Investment Appraisal is defined as; â€Å"Evaluation of the attractiveness of an investment proposal, using methods such as internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), or payback period (PP). Investment appraisal is an integral part of capital budgeting, and is applicable to areas even where the returns may not be easily quantifiable such as personnel, marketing, and training† (Gotze, Northcott, & Schuster, 2009, p24). Payback period, as the name indicates, computes the time taken for the project to generate cash flows to break even. In other words, it is the number of years that will be taken by the project to pay back the initial investment to the company (Emery, 2007). The payback period for this proposal is found to be 4 years (4 * $ 500,000). Net Present Value utilizes the discounted cash flows and computes the total worth of the project to the company. The cash flow estimates for the life of the project are discounted to present values and the net sum of the cash flows (including any outflows) provides the Net Present Value of the project (Gillespie, Lewis, & Hamilton, 1997). It indicates that the project will increase the worth of the company by this value. In this case, the NPV of the proposal is computed as shown below: The cost of capital in most cases is volatile and changes during the life of the project. This can affect the returns and the Net Present Value computed during the project start up. The internal rate of return is used to compute a maximum discount rate that can be applied to the project without incurred any losses and gives an indication of the margin of safety of the project (Emery, 2007). IRR calculation works on trial and error basis. Initially the NPV for an assumed rate is determined and based on this value; another rate is selected so that the new NPV

Film Prompt(you can make any topic by your idea) Movie Review

Film Prompt(you can make any topic by your idea) - Movie Review Example It helps to commemorate this fact that a white man can be spared and all black men can be killed just because of different of color. Lee is saying through his film that because racism underpins all forms of entertainment even today, racist stereotypes are still alive. For me, the most poignant moment in the film came near the end. There is this horrible shootout between the police and the rap group who is there to perform. There is a mix of black and white performers in that rap group. But, all the black group members are killed by the police and one white member is spared. This makes the white man realize that no matter how hard he may try to mingle with another race, the society will still not let go of the idea of white supremacy. The modern day minstrel show created by Lee is different from a typical or traditional show. For example, when Glover is dancing and his partner jumps in to dance in rhythm, it is different because what he does is â€Å"an occupation traditionally held by African Americans†

Microsofts Stakeholder Analysis

Microsofts Stakeholder Analysis MICROSOFT CORPORATION Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services. The company founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on 4th April 1975 to develop and Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office suite, and Internet Explorer web browser. Its flagship hardware products are Xbox game consoleand the Microsoft Surface series of tablets. It is the worlds largest software maker measured by revenues. 1.1THE OBJECTIVES This assignment is going to discuss about Microsoft Corporation stakeholders interests either in conflict or coincide, the mapping exercise and with analysis. Also the Porter’s Five Forces Model on Microsoft relating to competitions among the operators in the same industry and the approach this company adopted on its corporate social responsibility (CSR) and how the approach has been of competitive advantage to the organization. 2.0STAKEHOLDERS A stakeholder is anybody or group that has interest in a project or enterprise who could directly be affected by business operations or its outcomes. They can either be internal or external stakeholders as listed below (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2011):- (A).Those that are mostly affected by the business operations and outcomes are the investors, the customers, employees, suppliers and communities at large. According to (R. Edward Freeman, 1984) (B).Those who guide and influence the organization in carrying out the business specifically the government, regulatory authorities, non-governmental organizations and civil societies and the industry organization. According to (Archie B.Carroll, 1991). FIG.1: MICROSOFT CITIZENSHIP REPORT 2013 PG. 7 Microsoft recognizes its bigger responsibility in developing and sustaining relationships with diverse stakeholder groups, both internal and external to the organization. According to Microsoft Citizenship report 2013, stakeholders are categorized into two groups: those who are directly affected by the business operations and outcomes (namely, investors, customers, employees, suppliers, and the community at large) and those who guide and influence us in carrying out our business (specifically, government and regulatory agencies, non-government and civil society groups and industry organization). Investors Pursuant to the Corporate Governance (CG) Manual, it is the duty of the Board to promote and uphold stockholders’ rights such as the right to vote, pre-emptive right, right to timely receive relevant information, right to dividends and the appraisal right. The Board shall ensure that the company remains faithful to its undertaking to make timely disclosures of material information and transactions that could potentially affect the market price of the company’s shares. Customers Customers are important stakeholders at Microsoft Corporation because they are driven force of sales and revenue generation. Organization must provide products that are of high quality and at affordable price. Microsoft continually strives to satisfy its customers’ expectations and concerns regarding quality of service. They commit us to continually improve the way they do things to better serve their customers. Employees Microsoft is committed to the development and welfare of its employees. As the Company sustains its efforts in building a high performance culture to fully respond to the requirements of the new business environment, employees are continuously trained and developed to enable them to achieve excellent performance founded on our Corporate Mission. All employees are required to attend a 5-day training a year which is monitored on a monthly basis. Career development programs are implemented to ensure professional growth through skills and job enrichment opportunities, learning and development programs, performance management and promotion systems. Yearly employees are mandated to go for a 5-day mandatory training requirement. The training of employees are based on the competencies which are analyzed and evaluated every year to ensure that employees are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle the job. Each employee has its yearly Training Plan to address the gap on the competencies. Employees are compensated based on performance and over-all qualifications. Adequate provisions for medical, health and other essential benefits; and workplace safety are provided to promote employee welfare and well-being. Uprightness and impartiality are observed in conflict resolution. Human Resource (HR) Programs for the employees are continuously reviewed and enhanced to ensure their overall effectiveness and responsiveness. The Company is further committed in sustaining and/or further enhancing the high level of engagement of employees. Guided by the results of an employee engagement survey conducted, focused and deliberate initiatives are undertaken to help ensure employee job satisfaction and motivation. Employee communication is strengthened to keep employees well-informed on significant developments. Employees are likewise encouraged to give feedback and suggestions to Management to further improve on the yearly corporate governance, corporate and operational performance, thereby promoting employee accountability and empowerment. Commendations are given to employees who show exemplary customer service through published emails and the President’s Awards which go with a cash prize to employees who meet the criteria of Customer Service Award, Great Idea Award and Quality Award. Communities Beyond the confines of our boardroom and corporate walls, Microsoft embarks on initiatives to help improve the lives of people in the communities. They do this by embedding corporate social responsibility in its business and engaging her employees through volunteerism initiatives. As a responsible corporate citizen, they contribute to building a sustainable society in partnership with non-government organizations, government institutions, and other civic organizations on projects that promote entrepreneurship, education and the environment. In line with this, Microsoft continued to build on the employee-driven volunteer program, â€Å"Save a Soul for Better Tomorrow: The Boys Town Orphanage in Pasay is one of the most successful Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) endeavors of Microsoft. In December 2012, Microsoft instituted a donation drive among its employees and business partners in support of the relief efforts for Typhoon Pablo victims in Eastern Mindanao. Suppliers Microsoft aspires to maintain mutually beneficial relationships only with suppliers that uphold fairness, accountability, integrity and transparency in their own businesses. Microsoft is using the list of accredited suppliers of Microsoft which serve the requirements of Microsoft, from capital expenditures to operating expenditure items, as well as service requirements. Suppliers are required to undergo stringent accreditation process before they are authorized to do business with Microsoft. Among the criteria used for accreditation are legitimacy of operations, capacity for continuous business operations, quality and prices for goods and services, track record, compliance with regulatory bodies and transparency in relationship. Microsoft purchases, as a general rule, are made on the basis of competitive bidding through accredited and qualified suppliers. Environment As for the environmental responsibility starts from within Microsoft by adopting policies, standards and practices to make our workplace, not just a conducive environment for work, but a place that works toward the betterment of the environment as well. FIG. 2: THE MICROSOFT STAKEHOLDER MAPPING This is a tool of analysis that is use to analyze the level of interest of different types of stakeholders in an organization or in a project. It helps manager to prioritize various opinions, influences and interest to go into any project or business. It will display each stakeholder group interest in a particular project that can influence it either positively or negatively. Different stakeholder groups have different commitment and expectation from the organization, in which the manager has to meet and any conflict should be resolved amicably or diplomatically for the smooth running of the organization and if their opinion is the same, the better for the organization. 3.0 POTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL ON MICROSOFT CORPORATION fig. 3: PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL ON MICROSOFT CORPORATION (www.doughtycentre.info adapted from core values for the practice of public participation by the international association for public participation – pg.12) This model consists of five threats, which will be outlined and applied to Microsoft’s current situation below: 3.1.THREAT OF NEW ENTRY The threat of entry for Microsoft is relatively low for all of their divisions. In the personal computing business, they have a strong hold of the majority share of operating systems that are used by consumers. Currently, there is really only one main competitor with any real market share, which would be Apple and the Max OS Open source projects such as Linux do not currently pose much of a threat because it is much more of a tech niche market. Creating an OS can take years and requires expansive knowledge of computing. Microsoft has been building off of their knowledge from old versions of their OS’s for years. In this company, all voiced consumer interests and demands are being filled. There would be very little that a new firm could do to differentiate a new gaming console from anything this company currently do or will do with the next generation. It has also been producing these systems long enough to understand how to minimize its costs with the components they choose, leaving little chance for cost advantage. 3.2.THREAT OF RIVALRY The threat of rivalry is relatively low for Microsoft. From an operating system standpoint, there are not many competitors who make operating systems. Because of this, Microsoft does not feel that they need to constantly be surveying a large amount of companies to see what price or sales trends are occurring. Prices are rather static because of this. The only type of differentiation created between operating systems is what software it can run. However, the numbers of software packages that are only available on one platform are getting smaller every year. One thing to mention would be that Windows can be installed on Apple hardware, while Mac OS X cannot be installed on a large majority of non-Apple products (with the exception of building a Mackintosh which would require more knowledge than most casual computer users have.)However, the gaming division of Microsoft is under a high threat of rivalry from Nintendo and Sony. It is standard practice to make large price cuts to game consoles every six to twelve months as production costs decrease, and there is a constant â€Å"console war† going on. As soon as a console is released, a new one begins RD. 3.3.THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES Microsoft’s gaming division has a moderately high threat of substitute. I say this because there are two gaming audiences: casual and hardcore. A hardcore gamer will likely own multiple consoles to make sure they get to play every game they want to due to exclusive titles on separate consoles. This group would likely not contribute to a threat of substitute. However, casual gamers will easily substitute for a Nintendo or Sony console, or even just buy a few games on their smart phone. While Microsoft’s Xbox 360 offers many other services (Netflix, Hulu, YouTube, Last.fm, etc.) these services could be found elsewhere if someone is not interested in the games available on the console. 3.4.THREAT OF POWERFUL SUPPLIERS For both Windows and the Xbox 360, there is a relatively low threat of powerful suppliers. All of the resources that would need to be supplied to Microsoft by outside suppliers are available from a large number of firms. Blank media, circuit boards, processors, etc. are not in short supply in any way. Given the size and brand recognition that Microsoft has and the number of other suppliers available, many suppliers know they would have to offer a good price in order to work with them. None of the items supplied are necessarily unique, and the very few times that a supplier has tried to enter a videogame market through forward vertical integration, it has not gone very well. The only threat a supplier could hold is that the physical items needed by Microsoft are used in a wide variety of electronics. Memory chips, processors, hard drives, DVDs, capacitors, circuit boards, etc. are all used in everything now. However, a large number of game consoles have been sold by Microsoft (66 million units as of 1/9/2012.).This would suggest that the components inside each console would pass as a decent side of a supplier’s business. 3.5.THREAT OF POWERFUL BUYERS Microsoft has had deals with almost every major PC company (buyers in this instance) to include a copy of the latest Windows version as part of the cost of a pre-built PC. This has become expected from people buying non-Apple computers and if a buyer was to decide not to include this, it would probably lead to negative repercussions. There is room for tablets and some netbooks to run versions of IOS or Android OSs, but when some laptop manufacturers tried to switch from Windows being preinstalled to Linux, it did not fare well. The cost of having Windows included is also not a large amount of the cost of the computer, so it does not carry that much weight for the company building the machine. These attributes lead to a low threat from buyers.From a game console standpoint, the threat from buyers is low as well. The console gaming market is a multi-billion dollar industry and there are a large number of retailers who stock Xbox 360s. There is enough of an economic profit from consoles and associated merchandise to validate whole stores dedicated to just selling these items. The possibility of a retailer attempting to develop and distribute their own console is incredibly unlikely due to the cost and barriers. 4.0MICROSOFT – CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY {CSR} FIG.4: MICROSOFT – CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY {CSR} (http://www.businessrespect.net/definition.php by Mallen Baker) Compared to just a decade ago, it is now common for business people to talk about social responsibility and the importance of being good corporate citizens. Many business leaders today consider it critical to engage with shareholders, the communities in which their companies operate, and others affected by and interested in what they do. The diverse activities needed to respond to these expanded duties are widely referred to by the catchall phrase corporate social responsibility. It incorporates a host of concepts and practices, including the necessity for adequate corporate governance structures, the implementation of workplace safety standards, the adoption of environmentally sustainable procedures, and philanthropy. Take Microsoft CSR for example: -According to Microsoft 2013 Citizen Report,the company embarked on various CSR programs some of which are listed below: 4.1.GOVERNMENTS: Microsoft Corporation is working with community-based organizations and NGOs in China to increase employment opportunities for unskilled migrant workers, partnering with law enforcement officials in Canada to develop a customized system that helps police fight computer-facilitated crimes against children, collaborating in Latin America with the Organization of American States and its affiliate The Trust for the Americas to help people with disabilities gain the skills they need to start their own businesses and find employment, or working with leading companies and community organizations in Europe on a grants program to help small and medium sized enterprises improve productivity through technology, their commitment is the same: to make it possible for people to use technology to improve their lives. â€Å"Partnership and collaboration are at the center of how we do business, and that’s also how we work with governments and NGOs. It’s central to our commitment to provide leadership in our industry, to create a safe and secure computing environment, and to advance a worldwide knowledge economy that creates possibilities for hundreds of millions of people previously underserved by technology.† (Steven A. Ballmer Chief Executive Officer in the Microsoft 2013 citizen report). 4.2.CUSTOMERS: As an industry leader, Microsoft recognizes its responsibility to help make the Internet safer and computing more secure. Their ultimate goal is to help create an environment in which adults, children, businesses, and other organizations can enjoy the full benefits of the Internet without concerns about their safety, privacy, or security. Meanwhile, they continue to work toward that goal with the help of government, industry, and law enforcement partners worldwide, and to help consumers and their customers understand what they can do to protect themselves and their systems. Microsoft has done a lot to improve product quality and engineering excellence over the last few years. Every year, 15,000 Microsoft developers, testers, and program managers attend mandatory training on how to write more secure code. They have also integrated security into their software development process. The results have been a significant decrease in the number of security bulletins issued for products like Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 and a significant increase in the security of their esteemed customers’ systems. 4.3.LOCALCOMMUNITIES: Microsoft Local Language Program: This provides people access to technology in a familiar language while respecting linguistic and cultural distinctions. The program aims to empower individuals in local communities to create economic opportunities, build IT skills, enhance education outcomes, and sustain their local language and culture. 4.4.EMPLOYEES: Microsoft is widely recognized as a leading company for offering one of the strongest and most comprehensive compensation and benefits packages in the US. They start with competitive pay, bonuses, and stock awards to eligible employees based on individual performance. Then they add on unique offerings that might surprise you. Here’s a bird’s-eye view: Leading health wellness care: Medical hospitalization: Industry-leading health coverage, more than many other companies offer. Vision care: one annual eye exam and reimbursement for one pair of glasses or contacts per calendar year. 24 – hours health line: receive useful, easy – to –understand information and so much more, including life insurance, disability insurance, accidental death and dismemberment insurance, group legal coverage, dependent and healthcare flexible spending accounts, office ergonomics’ support etc. You can notice that the company is trying to create a good environment at the office by providing all the staff with good conditions to work and develop themselves. I now recall the word of Jack Welch that says: â€Å"The recognition of the contribution of each employee, recognition for each employee the right to have a voice and a role in the success of the company – is the source of true performance. The source from which it can improve not gradually, but significantly† CONCLUSION In conclusion, Microsoft being the foremost organization in the information and technology industry worked at its humble beginning in 1975 by Mr. Bill Gates and his youth mate Mr. Paul Allen which has a rapid growth history and finally became a public quoted company in 1986 and have since remained dominant in the IT industry and is affecting people’s life all over the world positively with business partners globally and also providing aids and rescue services on emergencies through its corporate social responsibility programs and can be regarded as employer of first choice REFERENCES CSR Report. (2012). Microsoft Release 2012 Citizenship Report. Retrieved on February 9, 2012 from http://www.csrwire.com/report/1272/-Microsoft-Release-2012-Citizenship-Report.html Andrews, K.R. (1971), the Concept of Corporate Strategy, Dow-Jones Irwin, Homewood, IL. Blomback, A. Wigren, C. (2009), Challenging the importance of Size as determinant for CSR activities; Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal Vol. 20 No. 3 PP. 255-270; Carlisle, Y.M. and Faulkner, D.O. (2004), Corporate social responsibility: a stages framework, European Business Journal, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 143-52. Carroll, A.B. (1991), The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders, Business Horizons, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 39-48. http://www.businessrespect.net/definition.php by Mallen Baker http://www.microsoft.com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/reporting/ Carroll, A.B. (1999), Corporate social responsibility Garriga, E. and Mele, D. (2004), Corporate social responsibility theories: mapping the territory, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 53, pp. 51-71. Gyves, S. OHiggins, E. (2008), Corporate Social Responsibility: An avenue for sustainable benefit for society and the firm? Society Business Review Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 207-223; Henderson, D. (2005), The role of business in the world today, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Vol. 17, pp. 30-2. Hirschland, M. (2005), Taking the Temperature of CSR Leaders, Business for Social Responsibility, San Francisco, CA. http://www.codeproject.com Karnani, A. (2010). The case Against Corporate Social Responsibility. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on February 9, 2013 from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100.html www.doughtycentre .info – adapted from core values for the practice of public participation by the international associationfor public participation – pg.12 David Thompson. Help employees achieve a work/life balance//URL: http://goo.gl/4Fdh3.28.01.2013. 1

Decision Making and Consumer Essay

What major psychological processes influence consumer responses to the marketing program? * How do consumers make purchasing decisions? * In what ways do consumers stray from a deliberate rational decision process? Contents Introduction4 What influences Consumer behavior? 5 Cultural factors5 Social factors6 Personal factors7 Key psychological processes9 Motivation9 Perception10 Learning11 Emotion12 Memory12 The buying decision process14 Behavioral decision theory & behavioral economics20 Introduction The aim of marketing is to meet and satisfy target customers’ need and want better than competitors. Marketers must have a thorough understanding of how consumers think, feel, and act and offer clear value to each and every target consumer. Successful marketing requires that companies fully connect with their customers. Adopting a holistic marketing orientation means understanding customers-gaining a 360-degree view of both their daily lives and the changes that occur during their lifetimes so the right products are always marketed to the right customers in the right way. So we are going to explore individual consumer buying dynamism. Model of Consumer beha-vior Model of Consumer beha-vior Fig 1. 1 Fig 1. 1 The starting point for understanding consumer behavior is the stimulus-response model shown in figure 1. 1. Marketing and environmental stimuli enter the consumer’s consciousness, and a set of psychological processes combine with certain consumer characteristics to result in decision processes and purchase decisions. The marketer’s task is to understand what happens in the consumer’s consciousness between the arrival of the outside marketing stimuli and the ultimate purchase decisions. What influences Consumer behavior? Consumer behavior is the study of how individuals, groups and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services, idea or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. A Consumer’s buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, and personal factors. Cultural factors Culture is the fundamental determinant of a person’s wants ;amp; behavior. Each culture consists of smaller subcultures that provide more specific identification and socialization for their members. Subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial groups and geographic regions. Virtually all human societies exhibit social stratification, most often in the form of social classes, relatively homogeneous and enduring divisions in a society, hierarchically ordered and with members who share similar values, interest and behavior. Social Classes Upper uppers Upper uppers Lower uppers Lower uppers Upper middles Upper middles Middle Middle Working Working Upper lowers Upper lowers Lower lowers Lower lowers Social factors Such as Reference groups, Family and Social roles and statuses affect our buying behavior. Reference groups A person’s references groups are all the groups that have a direct or indirect influence on their behavior * Membership groups * Primary groups * Secondary groups * Aspirational groups * Dissociative groups Groups having a direct influence are called membership groups, some of these are Primary groups with whom the person interacts continuously and informally such as family, friends, neighbors and coworkers. People also belong to Secondary groups such as religious, professional and trade-union, which tend to be more formal and require less continuous interaction. People re also influenced by groups to which they don’t belong. Aspirational groups are those a person hops to join; Dissociative groups are those values or behavior an individual rejects. Marketers must determine how to reach and influence the group’s opinion leaders opinion leaders are often highly confident, socially active. Family There are two families in the buyer’s life: * Family of orienta tion consists of parents and siblings * Family of procreation the person’s spouse and children Rules and status Role consists of the activities a person is expected, each role in turn connotes a status Personal factors Personal characteristic that influence a buyer’s decision include * Age and stage Our taste of food, clothes and recreation is related to our age. Marketers should consider critical life events or transitions like marriage. * Occupation and Economic Circumstances Marketers try to identify the Occupational groups that have above-average interest in their product and services and even tailor product for certain Occupational groups. Both product and brand choices are affected by economic circumstance: 1. Spendable income (level, stability and time pattern) 2. Savings and assets (percentage that is liquid) 3. Debts 4. Borrowing power 5. Attitudes toward spending and saving * Personality and self-concept Personality set of distinguishing human psychological traits that lead to relatively consistent and enduring response to environmental stimuli (buying behavior). Like self-confidence, dominance, autonomy, deference, sociability, defensiveness and adaptability. Brand personality is a specific mix of human traits that we can attribute to a particular brand. 1. Sincerity 2. Excitement 3. Competence 4. Sophistication 5. Ruggedness * Life style and values Life style is a person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in activities, interests and opinions. The ‘’ whole person ‘’ interacting with his/her environment. Life styles are shaped partly by whether consumers are money constrained (lower-cost product) or time constrained (multi-tasking). Consumer decisions are also influenced by core value the belief systems that underlie attitudes and behavior. Core values go much deeper than attitudes and behavior, people’s choices and desires over the long term. Key psychological processes Four key psychological process: Motivation, Perception, Learning, and Memory Motivation We all have many needs at any given time. Needs are: 1. Biogenic arise from physiological states of tension such as hunger. 2. Psychogenic arise from psychological states of tension such as the need of recognition. Three of the best-known theories of human motivation: Sigmund Freud, Abraham Maslow, and Frederick Herzberg. * Freud’s Theory Behavior is guided by subconscious motivations * Maslow’s Theory Behavior is driven by lowest, unmet need Fig 2. 1 Fig 2. 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs * Herzberg’s Theory Behavior is guided by motivating and hygiene factors. It has two implications: 1. Sellers should do their best to avoid dissatisfiers. 2. The seller should identify the major satisfiers or motivators of purchase in the market and then supply them. Perception Perception is the process by which we select, organize and interpret information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. Perceptions are more important than reality because perceptions affect consumer’s actual behavior. People emerge with different perceptions of the same object because of three perceptual processes: * Selective attention Selective attention means that marketers must work hard to attract consumer’s notice * People are more likely to notice stimuli that relate to a current need * People are more likely to notice stimuli they anticipate * People are more likely to notice stimuli whose deviations are large in relationship to the normal size of the stimuli * Selective distortion Is the tendency to interpret information in a way that fits our preconceptions. Selective distortion can work to the advantages of marketers with strong brands when consumers distort neutral or ambiguous brand information to make it more positive. Selective retention We are likely to remember good points about a product we like and forget good points about competing products. It explains why marketers need to use repetition. * Subliminal perception Learning ((When we act we learn)) Learning induces changes in our behavior arising from experience. Learning theorists believe learning is produced through the interplay of drive s, stimuli, cues, responses ;amp; reinforcement. Drive is a strong internal stimulus impelling action. Cues are minor stimuli that determine when, where ;amp; how a person response. Discrimination means we have learned to recognize differences in sets of similar stimuli ;amp; can adjust our responses accordingly. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues ;amp; providing positive reinforcement. Hedonic bias occurs when people have a general tendency to attribute success to themselves ;amp; failure to external causes. Emotion Consumer response is not all cognitive ;amp; rational; much maybe emotional ;amp; invoke different kinds of feelings. A brand or product may make a consumer feel proud, excited, or confident. An ad may create feeling of amusement, disgust, or wonder. Memory * Short term memory (STM) a temporary ;amp; limited repository of information. * Long term memory (LTM) a more permanent, essentially unlimited repository. All the information ;amp; experiences we encounter as we go through life can end up in our long-term memory. Associative network memory model views LTM as a set of nodes ;amp; links. Nodes are stored information connected by links that vary in strength. A spreading process from node to node determine how much we retrieve ;amp; what information we can actually recall in any given situation. In this model, we can think of consumer brand knowledge as a node in memory with a variety of linked associations. The strength of these associations will be important determinant of the info we can recall about the brand. Brand association consist of all brand-related thoughts , feelings , perceptions , images, experiences , beliefs , attitudes ;amp; so on that become linked to the brand node. State farm mental map State farm mental map Fig 2. 2 Fig 2. 2 Memory process Memory is a very constructive process, because we don’t remember info ;amp; events completely ;amp; accurately. Memory encoding describes how ;amp; where info gets in the memory. The strength of the resulting association depends on how much we process the info at encoding ;amp; in what way. Memory retrieval is the way information gets out of memory. 1. The presence of other product info in memory can produce interference effects ;amp; cause us to either overlook or confuse new data. 2. The time between exposure to info ;amp; encoding has been shown generally to produce only gradual decay. 3. Info may be available in memory but not be accessible for recall without the proper retrieval cues or reminders. The buying decision process The five stage model of buying process: 1. Problem recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternatives 4. Purchase decision 5. Post purchase behavior 1. Problem recognition The buying process starts when the buyer recognizes a problem or need triggered by internal or external stimuli. Marketers need to identify the circumstances that trigger a particular need by gathering information from a number of consumers. 2. Information search Information sources * Personal: family, friends†¦etc. * Commercial: ads, web sites †¦etc. * Public: mass media †¦. etc. Experiential: handling, examining†¦etc. Search dynamic by gathering information, the consumer learns about competing brands ;amp; their features. Successive Sets in Decision Making: 3. Evaluation of alternatives * Some basic concepts will help us understand consumer evaluation process: First, the consumer is trying to satisfy a need. Second, the consumer is looking for a certain benefits from the product solution. Third, the consumer sees each product as a bundle of attributes with varying abilities to deliver the benefits. Belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Attitudes a person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, ;amp; action tendencies toward some object or ideas. Attitudes put us into a frame of mind: liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it. Expectancy-value model The consumer arrives at attitudes toward various brands through an attribute evaluation procedure, developing a set of beliefs about where each brand stands on each attribute. The expectancy-value model of attitude formation posits that consumers evaluate products ;amp; services by combining their brand beliefs according to importance. . Purchase decision In executing a purchase intention the consumer may make up to 5 sub decisions: Brand, Dealer, Quantity, Timing, and payment method. It is a Step between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase. Non-Compensatory Models of Choice: Conjunctive heuristic: the consumer set a min acceptable cutoff level for each attribute ;amp; chooses the first alternative that meets the min standard for all attribute. Lexicographic heuristic: the consumer chooses the best brand on the basis of its perceived most important attribute. Elimination-by-aspects heuristic: the consumer compare brands on an attribute selected probabistically ;amp; eliminates brands that don’t meet min acceptable cutoffs. Intervening factors Steps purchase intention between and Purchas: Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Steps between Alternative Evaluation and Purchase Fig 3. 1 Fig 3. 1 Attitudes of others Depends on 2 things: 1. The intensity of the other person’s negative attitude toward our preferred alternative. 2. Our motivation to comply with the other person’s wishes. Unanticipated situational factors may erupt to change the purchase intention (Perceived Risk): 1. Functional risk: the product doesn’t perform to expectations. 2. Physical risk: the product poses a threat to physical well-being or health of the user or others 3. Financial risk: the product isn’t worth the price paid. 4. Social risk: the product results in embarrassment in front of others. 5. Psychological risk: the product affects the mental well-being of the other user. 6. Time risk: the failure of the product results in an opportunity cost of finding another satisfactory product. 5. Post purchase behavior Marketer must monitor post purchase satisfaction, actions, uses ;amp; disposal. Post purchase satisfaction Satisfaction is a function of closeness between expectations ;amp; the product’s perceived performance. If performance falls of expectations the consumer is disappointed; if it meets expectations the consumer is satisfied; if it exceeds expectations, the consumer is delighted. Post purchase actions Satisfied consumer is more likely to purchase the product again ;amp; will also tend to say good things about the brand to others. Dissatisfied consumer may abandon or return the product. Private actions include deciding to stop buying the product (exit option) or warning friends (voice option). Post purchase uses ;amp; disposal Marketers should also monitor how buyers use ;amp; dispose of the product. Fig 3. 2 Fig 3. 2 How buyers use ;amp; dispose of the product How buyers use ;amp; dispose of the product Moderating effects on consumer decision making The manner or path by which a consumer moves through the decision-making stages depends on several factors including the level of involvement ;amp; extent of variety seeking. * Low-Involvement Decision Making Petty ;amp; cacippo’s elaboration an influential model of attitude formation ;amp; change, describe how consumers make evaluation in both low ;amp; high involvement circumstances. Central route in which attitude or change stimulates much thought ;amp; is based on consumer’s diligent, rational consideration of the most important product information. Peripheral route in which attitude formation or change provokes much less thought ;amp; results from the consumer’s association of a brand with either positive or negative peripheral cues. Marketers use 4 techniques to try to covert low involvement product into one of higher involvement: 1. They can link the product to an engaging issue. 2. They can link the product to a personal situation. 3. They might design advertising to trigger strong emotions related to personal values. 4. They might add an important feature. * Variety-seeking buying behavior Here consumers often do a lot of brand switching. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. The market leader will try to encourage habitual buying behavior by dominating the self-space with a variety of related but different product versions, avoiding out-of-stock conditions, & sponsoring frequent reminder advertising. Behavioral decision theory & behavioral economics Behavioral decision theory (BDT) has identified many situations in which consumers make seemingly irrational choices. 1. Decision heuristics. 2. Framing. 3. Mental accounting. * Decision heuristics 1. Availability heuristic consumers base their predictions on the quickness & ease with which a particular example of an outcomes comes to mind. 2. Representative heuristic consumers base their predictions on how representative or similar the outcomes are to other examples.